drivers of CSC

Figure 2: Targeted therapies against dysregulated signalling pathways involved in CSCs: This schematic gives a broader knowledge of the different pathways that contribute to the stemness phenotypes of CSCc, including Wnt, JAK/STAT, Hedgehog, Notch and FAK signalling pathways. Figure also shows the subcellular localisation of the each of the signalling pathways, and specifically highlights the targeted therapies that have been designed to combat CSCs by directly inhibiting proteins or enzymes that function to promote the activities of these different signalling pathways. For example, WNT ligands and receptors can be inhibited by ipafricept and vantictumab, respectively. Although these agents are designed to inhibit CSC self-renewal, drug resistance and metastasis mechanisms, they are yet to be clinically demonstrated as being efficacious [27]. Figure adapted from [27].